Dienstag, 10. Februar 2015
Austerity durch falsches Schuldenmachen...?
Many economists, including Janet Yellen, view global economic troubles since 2008 largely as a story about “deleveraging” — a simultaneous attempt by debtors almost everywhere to reduce their liabilities. Why is deleveraging a problem? Because my spending is your income, and your spending is my income, so if everyone slashes spending at the same time, incomes go down around the world.
Or as Ms. Yellen put it in 2009, “Precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms — and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state — nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole.”
So how much progress have we made in returning the economy to that “normal state”? None at all. You see, policy makers have been basing their actions on a false view of what debt is all about, and their attempts to reduce the problem have actually made it worse.
First, the facts: Last week, the McKinsey Global Institute issued a report titled “Debt and (Not Much) Deleveraging,” which found, basically, that no nation has reduced its ratio of total debt to G.D.P. Household debt is down in some countries, especially in the United States. But it’s up in others, and even where there has been significant private deleveraging, government debt has risen by more than private debt has fallen.
You might think our failure to reduce debt ratios shows that we aren’t trying hard enough — that families and governments haven’t been making a serious effort to tighten their belts, and that what the world needs is, yes, more austerity. But we have, in fact, had unprecedented austerity. As the International Monetary Fund has pointed out, real government spending excluding interest has fallen across wealthy nations — there have been deep cuts by the troubled debtors of Southern Europe, but there have also been cuts in countries, like Germany and the United States, that can borrow at some of the lowest interest rates in history.
All this austerity has, however, only made things worse — and predictably so, because demands that everyone tighten their belts were based on a misunderstanding of the role debt plays in the economy.
aus: The New York Times 9.2.2015
Samstag, 7. Februar 2015
Syriza
Gleichung geradezu zu verkörpern scheint. Die "Zeit" attestiert die Bildung einer "Internationale des Dagegen".
Im Moment bedeutet die Wahl selbst bereits die erhoffte Alternative. Es wird sich aber erst zeigen, ob diesem Moment wirklich eine andere Politik folgen kann. Die Zeichen dafür stehen nicht gut. Die EU reagiert mit Abwehr. Tsipras und sein Finanzminister Yanis Varoufakis werden wie Feinde behandelt. Denn ein Einvernehmen mit diesem neuen Griechenland würde bedeuten: Europa muss sich verändern. Deshalb hat man es auf deren Scheitern angelegt.
Freitag, 6. Februar 2015
The Greek Elections and European Absurdity
After the victory of the new Greek government, a direct result of the popular, democratic will, international reactions are far from unanimous. Even though everyone accepts the result of popular verdict, many people are doubtful about the decision. It seems as if the Greek people are free to democratically elect their government, but their European and international counterparts are also free to ignore the content of the people's democratic verdict and enforce, in an undemocratic manner, the misguided and destructive recipe that the Greek people voted against.
Significantly, while the result of the election brings to the surface doubts and questions in France, Italy and Spain about the efficacy of the choices that have driven the entire Eurozone to the brink of deflation, the German side does not share these doubts. On the contrary, they threaten that any deviation from the "one-way path" that has been taken during the last five years will have consequences for those who diverge from it.
It is odd that the German side does not offer any real arguments about the questions that have arisen in the rest of Europe. It offers only threats, without feeling the need to prove the fiscal efficacy of its choices.
The first blackmailing argument that it poses is that a potential unburdening of austerity in Greece and the rest of Europe would make for a more lax attitude towards structural reforms that aim to boost competitiveness. However, analysis of the past five years is clear: the spread of austerity in the Eurozone has led directly to a generalized recession and deflation for all member states, Germany included. As far as the infamous structural reforms are concerned, especially with regards to the job market and welfare state, as the Financial Times points out, they have been inextricably linked to recessionary pressure.
The IMF's estimate is similar: structural reform is necessary but difficult to implement during a recession. These reforms must be implemented only if they do not lead to further financial recession. If there is one thing that has poisoned the European economy after the 2008 crisis, it is the German idea that a purge comes before a recovery.
The second, blackmailing argument that the German side poses is that no debt write-off can be accepted by any country, as this would lead other countries to attempt the same. Again, this does not take into account a nation's ability to repay its debt, nor the humanitarian and economic disaster that has befallen it because of the faulty plan the lenders have implemented; it only considers the potential for disobedience and contagion to other debt-ridden countries.
However, given that no argument beyond obedience and the halting of disobedience is presented to these questions that concern the serviceability of debt and the need to immediately combat rising unemployment, there is little to dispute the conclusion reached by Nobel winner Paul Krugman that the German Chancellor is managing the European economy in the style of the Godfather, Michael Corleone. One supreme managerial leader, with an argument for power, obedience and "virtue" no matter what the cost to Europe or the world.
The third false argument that is always presented by this side is that the cost from a potential debt write-off would fall on the shoulders of European taxpayers. The French newspaper Figaro rushed to estimate that such a write-off would cost each French taxpayer 735 euros and even more for German citizens. However, these commentators fail to mention that these amounts that have been shelled out and are owed by the Greek people return right back to French and German banks, and only a small portion of them enters the Greek economy. The repeated "bailouts" of the Greek economy are, for the most part, nothing more than bailouts for European credit institutions.
In accordance with the idea of former French president Nicolas Sarkozy, the money is placed in a special account outside of Greece, to which Greece has no access to, and debt is serviced from there. Since austerity has been enforced, debt rises faster than national income and therefore debts become even less serviceable. Thus, the system seems to work against lender nations-- and aren't they the ones to blame for the inability to pay off debts?
Anyone familiar with the economic history of mankind, as Martin Wolf of the Financial Times is, also is familiar with the fact that "what cannot be paid, will not be paid." Everything else is an excuse, in attempt to cover up the blame for the sad situation that Europe finds itself in today. It has inexcusably, unjustifiably and by choice become a huge and menacing "black hole" for the world economy.
Schmutzige kleine Geheimnisse. Zum Verhältnis zwischen Griechenland und Deutschland
Why did Germany try so hard to stop the European Central Bank from giving the eurozone a trillion-euro boost? Why did Germany decree fiscal austerity for Greece instead? And why, despite Greece’s travails and alleged duplicity, does Germany insist that Greece stay in the eurozone? These actions may have seemed irrational and contradictory, but the same people benefited in every case.
First, consider Germany’s recent economic history. In 1990, the reunification of the East and West added an enormous, low-wage population of Germans to the labor supply. Though integrating them into the West’s business environment took time, these millions of new laborers in the workforce instantly made German exports more competitive. Then, with the launch of the euro in 1999, Germany diluted its currency — among the strongest in the world — by mingling it with those of less stable economies from across the European Union. Again, the effect was a huge boost to German exports.
These dramatic shifts in Germany’s economic position might have been expected to benefit both German workers and owners of German capital. For workers in the poorer East, wages were sure to rise, and they did. Workers in the West may have suffered by comparison, but the boom in exports — which went from 23 percent of the economy in 1990 to 42 percent in 2010 — should have been big enough to boost their incomes as well.
Indeed, in the first decade, incomes for Germans from top to bottom on the economic ladder rose by about 7 to 8 percent in real terms. But with the advent of the euro, things started to change. Incomes at the top kept rising, with gains for the top 10 percent of earners continuing apace for the next decade as shareholders reaped record profits. At the bottom, however, there was a sharp dip that eventually left incomes exactly where they started at the beginning of the 1990s.
The effect on inequality was startling. By itself, the integration of East and West should have reduced German inequality substantially. In a country where labor retained some bargaining power, the export boom might have been expected to encourage this convergence as well. Yet Germans at the top of the income distribution saw such an upturn in their fortunes that inequality actually rose. With incomes continuing to diverge, Germany’s wealth inequality was the worst in the eurozone and almost on a par with that of the United States, which was no mean feat.
With all of this in mind, let’s return to policy. The eurozone was dangling on the edge of deflation for months, and even Germany’s inflation rate had been below the European Central Bank’s target of just under 2 percent since August 2013. But German bankers and politicians were dead set against the use of credit easing or other unconventional monetary tools to create inflation, devalue the euro, and presumably improve short-term economic growth in the eurozone.
Instead, they decided that countries in need of an economic lifeline — like Greece — should keep making massive cuts in public services while servicing debts on terms set by wealthier nations such as Germany. For most economists, this was an impractical prescription that would only make the patient suffer more. So why did the Germans insist on it?
The bankers in Berlin realized that inflation eroded the value of savings, of which their wealthy countrymen had quite a lot, and also made German investments less attractive to foreigners. As long as Germany continued to grow, they had no use for inflation. In fact, growth with low inflation — and thus little upward pressure on wages — was a perfect formula, especially for owners of capital. Indebted and unemployed Germans might have benefited from a weaker euro and more inflation, just like the Greeks, but they clearly weren’t the bankers’ top priority.
And Germany did grow, at least until late last year. By the fourth quarter of 2014, its economy was on the brink of recession. Not by coincidence, when the European Central Bank’s governors met in January, Germany’s bankers and politicians finally relented — or at least failed to convince their colleagues of the remaining dangers of inflation. Now, a new challenge has emerged.
Greece is calling Germany’s bluff. A few years ago, the Germans wanted Greece to stay in the eurozone enough to bail them out of their fiscal deficits, but the cost was penury for the Greeks. Back then, Germany seemed to have all the bargaining power. But Greece’s new leftist government has apparently realized that the real bargaining power lies in Athens, because Germany will now do anything to hold the eurozone together.
Germans have read plenty of articles alleging that Athens never should have been allowed to join the eurozone in the first place. But the bankers in Berlin know that each weak country that leaves the eurozone now is likely to push up the value of the euro. This would increase the value of German savings, but it would also harm exports, and at the moment Germany needs them more than ever. Moreover, uncertainty about the euro in the short term might cause investors to pull their money out of German securities, leading to lower asset values and higher interest rates — a double-whammy for wealth and economic growth.
Today, this cluster of threats is unacceptable to Germany. As its growth rate changed, so did its bankers’ priorities and, as a consequence, the balance of power in the eurozone. The Greeks figured this out, and other countries are cottoning on. But it was a good run for wealthy Germans while it lasted.
aus: FP, 2.2.2015
Mittwoch, 28. Januar 2015
Ende der Demokratie?
über eine Tagung aus Anlass des 80. Geburtstags von Jürgen Habermas, „Auslaufmodell Demokratie?“ (gekürzt)
Aus: Information Philosophie
http://www.information-philosophie.de/?a=1&t=2740&n=2&y=1&c=3
(...) Bisher (...) tendiert die expertokratische Kolonialisierung der Lebenswelt freilich weit mehr dazu, die partikularen Interessen von Funktionseliten und Exekutivspitzen, mächtigen Wirtschaftsunternehmen und Hegemonialmächten zu stärken und umgekehrt die ohnehin organisationsunfähige Peripherie, mehr und mehr aber auch die im Nationalstaat zurückgebliebenen Mehrheitspopulationen sozial, politisch und kulturell zu schwächen und zu marginalisieren. Während die expertokratische Kolonialisierung der Lebenswelt die Schere zwischen wachsender Verrechtlichung und wachsender Entdemokratisierung der Weltgesellschaft immer weiter öffnet, führt die neoliberale episteme, die zur Vernunft oder Unvernunft der Weltgesellschaft geworden ist, zu einer ökonomischen Kolonialisierung und Kommodifizierung der sozialen Lebenswelt.
Jens Beckert (hat) gezeigt, dass die Schließung der globalen Märkte, die zur nahezu vollständigen Abhängigkeit der Staaten von der Weltwirtschaft geführt hat, erst in Kombination mit der inneren Kolonialisierung nahezu aller bisher nicht marktförmigen Gesellschaftssphären (Gesundheitswesen, Bildungssystem, Universitäten usw.) zur Vernichtung derjenigen nichtökonomischen und nicht-marktförmigen Voraussetzungen der Marktwirtschaft führt, die diese mit ihren eigenen Mitteln (der Warenproduktion) nicht selbst erzeugen kann. Dann wird es in der Tat ökonomisch absurd, sich noch länger an eine biedere Kaufmannsmoral zu halten und die ökonomischen Akteure müssen „bei Strafe ihres Untergangs“ (Marx) mit ungedeckten Milliardenschecks so agieren, dass die Blase immer größer und die Krise unvermeidlich wird. Interessant war diese Analyse auch deshalb, weil sie ohne zu moralisieren, zeigte, wie der global verselbständigte Turbokapitalismus die gesellschaftlichen Voraussetzungen der kapitalistischen Marktwirtschaft, von denen sie lebt, die postkonventionelle Moral und das positive Recht zerstört. Bei Marx hieß das Subsumtion der lebendigen unter die tote Arbeit. Auch hier zeigte sich, dass eine der großen Stärken der Theorie von Habermas nicht etwa in der Überwindung, sondern in der generalisierenden Fortführung des Marxismus der Frankfurter Schule besteht.
Claus Offe beschrieb den Grundwiderspruch des siegreichen Kapitalismus in den dazu passenden systemtheoretischen Kategorien so, dass der autoritäre Staatssozialismus zwar alle Handlungsmacht im Staat konzentriert hatte, sich aber durch dogmatische Schließung der Möglichkeit rationaler Selbstbeobachtung beraubt hatte, während der seit den 1970er Jahren erfolgreich globalisierte Kapitalismus zwar alles frei und rational beobachtet und weiß, was er wissen kann, sich aber durch die Selbstenthauptung der Staatsmacht an eine Wirtschaftsweise ausgeliefert habe, die aus strukturellen Gründen zur Selbstkorrektur unfähig ist. Düstere Aussichten, zwingt die Finanzkrise, zumal wenn ihr auch noch, wie es scheint, die klassische Überproduktionskrise folgen sollte, zur Mobilisierung der letzten Handlungskompetenzen des Staates. Wenn es dann wieder aufwärts geht, folgt der Finanzkrise die fiscal crisis, die einen ohnmächtigen Staat und ebenso ohnmächtige Internationale Institutionen zurücklässt. Statt Demokratie und Sozialstaat gäbe es dann überall failed states und „Räuberkapitalismus“ (Max Weber). Afrika, Afghanistan und Irak als Zukunft Europas, Asiens und Amerikas.
(...) Spitzt man die Dinge so zu wie Beckert und vor allem Offe, dann sind eigentlich keine Handlungsperspektiven zu erwarten. Da wir aber immer noch nicht in einer Luhmannschen Systemwelt leben, in der jede Intervention alles nur noch schlimmer machen würde und wir ja wissen, dass die Weltwirtschaftskrise nicht durch politische Herrschaft über die Märkte und ihre negativen Externalitäten entstanden ist, sondern aus durchaus planmäßiger, ja, planwirtschaftlicher Liberalisierung und Entgrenzung, gibt es natürlich Alternativen eines „radikalen Reformismus“ (Habermas), mit denen man es zumindest versuchen kann und muss, denn zum Handeln gibt es, da auch Nichthandeln Handeln ist, ohnehin keine Alternativen. (...)
So schnell waren Alternativen angesichts der ja noch völlig offenen Weltwirtschaftskrise nicht zur Hand, aber auch hier lag zumindest nahe, mit Habermas zu argumentieren, wenn ohnehin niemand definitiv wisse, was aus dem jetzt plötzlich ubiquitär gewordenen keynsianischen Handeln und Intervenieren werde und das Risiko für alle Alternativen, die Geld in den Markt pumpen würden, gleich sei, sei kaum einzusehen, warum die Investitionen ausgerechnet jetzt tauschwertorientiert (und im Interesse des Kapitals) eingesetzt werden sollten (Abwrackprämie, sekundäre Landesbanken, Bautenrenovierung) statt sie in langfristig wirksam bleibende Gebrauchwerte, in homeless people, Kindergärten, Schulen, Universitäten, Zeitungen, werbefreies Fernsehen usw. zu stecken.
(...) Empirisch muss die Demokratie heute mit der Weltgesellschaft rechnen und kann sich nicht mehr in den Nationalstaat zurückziehen, so ungemütlich das ist, denn sonst werden die wichtigsten Entscheidungen auch in den besten Demokratien bald nicht mehr vom Volk, sondern von transnationalen Eliten, die eigene Interessen verfolgen, getroffen. Und normativ gibt es zur Globalisierung der Demokratie sowieso keine Alternative, denn die westlich oder nordwestlich zentrierte Demokratie bedeutet nur für deren Bewohner den „Ausschluss von Ungleichheit“, aber setzt bis heute die Ungleichheit der anderen im Süden und im Osten voraus. Ein demokratischer Skandal (...).
(...) Auch beim Nationalismus und seinen aggressiven Ausprägungen (handelt es) schon lange nicht mehr um eine nahezu konkurrenzlose Zentralideologie, und sie deckt sich auch schon lange nicht mehr mit den Grenzen von Staaten, sondern hat sich, wie die Religion, selbst globalisiert. Die Entwicklung einer Welt und einer, übrigens durch und durch säkularen Weltkultur bringt ja die vielen (säkularen und religiösen, nationalen und kosmopolitischen) Kulturen nicht etwa zum Verschwinden, sondern überhaupt erst hervor und erzeugt fast täglich neue, oder neue alte (z. B. Altfriesisch als neue Schriftsprache).
Gute Frage, dass die Leute in Zürich von außen auf die EU blicken, ist selbst schon ein ziemlich kompliziertes völkerrechtliches und europarechtliches Problem, und als Europäer verstehen die Schweizer sich trotz aller Neutralität und Globalität ja sowieso. Vor allem gibt es kaum eine europäische Norm, die von der Schweiz trotz Nichtmitgliedschaft in der EU nicht in nationales Recht umgesetzt würde und sogar umgesetzt werden müsste (wegen der vielen Einzelverträge mit der EU). Außerdem haben die Schweizer jetzt sogar, wenn ich die Zeitungen richtig verfolgt habe, die Personenfreizügigkeit, die den materiellen Kern des Europäischen Bürgerrechts ausmacht. Da ist es fast schon komisch, dass sie kein Wahlrecht und keine Kommissions- und Ratsmitglieder haben. Aber ein bisschen blicken die Schweizer doch von außen auf die Union, und sie vergleichen sie zu Recht mit der Verfassung der Schweiz, die ja wie die Europäischen Verträge Unionsbürgerschaft (Eidgenossenschaft) und nationale Bürgerschaft (Kantonsbürgerschaft) von vornherein teilen, ihre Verfassung also mit einer Unterscheidung und nicht mit einer postulierten Einheit beginnen lassen. Aber dann sehen sie natürlich, dass auch eine solche föderale Verfassung wie in der Schweiz sehr radikal demokratisch sein kann, was die der EU gewiss nicht ist.
(...) Die soziale Lebenswelt, die uns, ob wir das wollen oder nicht, konstituiert, ist durch und durch modern und entzaubert, und sie enthält nun einmal alle Sinnressourcen, die es gibt. Die Lebenswelt ist eine unübersteigbare Totalitätskategorie. Sie enthält alles implizite Wissen, über das wir verfügen können. Anderes gibt es nicht. Deshalb sprudeln die lebensweltlichen Quellen einer durchrationalisierten Kultur ebenso in der Systemtheorie wie in der katholischen Theologie. Es ist also eher umgekehrt wie in dem viel zu oft zitierten Böckenfördesatz: jede noch so radikale, auch die islamistische Distanzierung von der modernen Gesellschaft lebt von deren säkularen Sinnressourcen und muss davon leben und, wie man sieht, kann auch davon leben. Noch die Kriegserklärung gegen die moderne Gesellschaft im Ganzen und die Selbstmordattentäter schöpfen ihre fatale Kraft allein aus den säkularen Sinnressourcen der modernen Lebenswelt, aus denen sie auch noch ihre religiösen und antimodernen Hoffnungen rekonstruieren müssen. Die moderne Lebenswelt ist in diesem Sinne unhintergehbar.
(...) (Es zeigt sich), wie fragil die kulturellen Grundlagen der Demokratie infolge der neoliberalen Konterrevolution geworden sind. In der Krise scheint die Bevölkerung nach rechts außen wegzukippen, schon deshalb, weil Politiker, die an der Macht und deren Köpfe vom Glauben an die Wunderkräfte des freien Weltmarkts verseucht sind, keine Alternative mehr entwickeln können und nur noch die immer kleiner werdende Schar der Globalisierungsgewinner repräsentieren. Das deckt sich beängstigend mit den Befunden (...) über den deutschen (und gesamteuropäischen) Rechtsradikalismus und die zumindest latent immer bedrohlicher werdende Lage im Osten.
(...)
Dienstag, 27. Januar 2015
Schulden, Schuldner, Schuld
Critics of our institutional democracy often complain that, as a rule, elections do not offer a true choice. What we mostly get is the choice between a center-Right and a center-Left party whose program is almost indistinguishable. Next Sunday, January 25, this will not be the case—as on June 17, 2012, the Greek voters are facing a real choice: the establishment on the one side; Syriza, the radical leftist coalition, on the other.
And, as is mostly the case, such moments of real choice throw the establishment into panic. They paint the image of social chaos, poverty and violence if the wrong choice wins. The mere possibility of a Syriza victory has sent ripples of fear through markets all around the world, and, as is usual in such cases, ideological prosopopoeia has its heyday: markets have begun to “talk,” as if they are living people, expressing their “worry” at what will happen if the elections fail to produce a government with a mandate to continue with the program of fiscal austerity.
An ideal is gradually emerging from this European establishment’s reaction to the threat of Syriza victory in Greece, the ideal best rendered by the title of Gideon Rachman’s comment in the Financial Times: “Eurozone’s weakest link is the voters.” In the establishment’s ideal world, Europe gets rid of this “weakest link” and experts gain the power to directly impose necessary economic measures; if elections take place at all, their function is just to confirm the consensus of experts.
From this perspective, the Greek elections cannot but appear as a nightmare. So how can this catastrophe be avoided? The obvious way would be to return the fright—to scare the Greek voters to death with the message, “You think you are suffering now? You ain’t seen nothin’ yet—wait for the Syriza victory and you will long for the bliss of the last years!”
The alternative is either Syriza stepping out (or being thrown out) of the European project, with unforeseeable consequences, or a “messy compromise” when both sides moderate their demands. Which raises another fear: not the fear of Syriza’s irrational behavior after their victory, but, on the contrary, the fear that Syriza will accept a rational messy compromise which will disappoint voters, so that discontent will continue, but this time not regulated and moderated by Syriza.
What maneuvering space will the eventual Syriza-led government have? To paraphrase President Bush, one should definitely not misunderestimate the destructive power of international capital, especially when it is combined with the sabotage of the corrupted and clientelist Greek state bureaucracy.
In such conditions, can a new government effetively impose radical changes? The trap that lurks here is clearly perceptible in Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century. For Piketty, capitalism has to be accepted as the only game in town, so the only feasible alternative is to allow the capitalist machinery to do its work in its proper sphere, and to impose egalitarian justice politically, by a democratic power which regulates the economic system and enforces redistribution.
Such a solution is utopian in the strictest sense of the term. Piketty is well aware that the model he proposes would only work if enforced globally, beyond the confines of nation-states (otherwise capital would flee to the states with lower taxes); such a global measure requires an already existing global power with the strength and authority to enforce it. However, such a global power is unimaginable within the confines of today’s global capitalism and the political mechanisms it implies. In short, if such a power were to exist, the basic problem would already have been resolved.
Plus what further measures would the global imposition of high taxes proposed by Piketty necessitate? Of course the only way out of this vicious cycle is simply to cut the Gordian knot and act. There are never perfect conditions for an act—every act by definition comes too early. But one has to begin somewhere, with a particular intervention; one just has to bear in mind the further complications that such an act will lead to.
And what to do with the enormous debt? European policy towards heavily indebted countries like Greece is the one of “extend and pretend” (extending the payback period, but pretending that all debts will eventually be paid). So why is the fiction of repayment so stubborn? It is not only that this fiction makes debt extension more acceptable to German voters; it is also not only that, while the write-off of the Greek debt may trigger similar demands from Portugal, Ireland, Spain. It is that those in power do not really want the debt fully repaid.
The debt providers and caretakers accuse the indebted countries of not feeling enough guilt—they are accused of feeling innocent. Their pressure fits perfectly what psychoanalysis calls superego. The paradox of the superego is that, as Freud saw it clearly, the more we obey its demands, the more we feel guilty.
Imagine a vicious teacher who gives to his pupils impossible tasks, and then sadistically jeers when he sees their anxiety and panic. The true goal of lending money to the debtor is not to get the debt reimbursed with a profit, but the indefinite continuation of the debt which keeps the debtor in permanent dependency and subordination.
Take the example of Argentina. A decade or so ago, the country decided to repay its debt to the IMF ahead of time (with the financial help from Venezuela), and the reaction of the IMF was surprising: Instead of being glad that it got its money back, the IMF (or, rather, its top representatives) expressed their worry that Argentina will use this new freedom and financial independence from international financial institutions to abandon tight financial politics and engage in careless spending.
Debt is an instrument to control and regulate the debtor, and, as such, it strives for its own expanded reproduction.
The only true solution is thus clear: since everyone knows Greece will never repay its debt, one will have to gather the courage and write the debt off. It can be done at a quite tolerable economic cost, just with political will. Such acts are our only hope to break out of the vicious cycle of cold Brussels neoliberal technocracy and anti-immigrant false passions. If we don’t act, others, from Golden Dawn to UKIP, will do it.
In his Notes Towards a Definition of Culture, the great conservative T.S. Eliot remarked that there are moments when the only choice is the one between heresy and non-belief, i.e., when the only way to keep a religion alive is to perform a sectarian split from its main corpse. This is our position today with regard to Europe: only a new “heresy” (represented at this moment by Syriza), a split from the European Union by Greece, can save what is worth saving in the European legacy: democracy, trust in people, egalitarian solidarity.
Aus: In this Times, 22.1.2015
Liberalismus / Fundamtalismus
(...) Das Paradoxe ist, dass der Liberalismus nicht stark genug ist, sie vor dem fundamentalistischen Ansturm zu retten. Fundamentalismus ist eine Reaktion - eine falsche, mystifizierende Reaktion natürlich - auf eine wirkliche Schwäche des Liberalismus. Deswegen wird sie vom Liberalismus immer wieder neu geschaffen. Sich selbst überlassen, wird sich der Liberalismus langsam unterminieren. Das Einzige, was seine Grundwerte retten kann, ist eine erneuerte Linke. Damit sein Vermächtnis überleben kann, braucht der Liberalismus die brüderliche Hilfe der radikalen Linken. Das ist der einzige Weg, denFundamentalismus zu besiegen, ihm den Boden zu entziehen. Über eine Antwort auf die Pariser Morde nachzudenken bedeutet, die Selbstgefälligkeit eines permissiven Liberalen aufzugeben und zu akzeptieren, dass der Konflikt zwischen liberaler Toleranz und Fundamentalismus letztlich ein falscher Konflikt ist - ein Teufelskreis zwischen zwei Polen, die sich gegenseitig schaffen und bedingen. Was Max Horkheimer schon in den 1930er-Jahren über Faschismus und Kapitalismus gesagt hat - dass die, die nicht kritisch über den Kapitalismus sprechen wollen, über den Faschismus schweigen sollen -, das sollte auch auf den heutigen Fundamentalismus angewendet werden: Wer nicht kritisch über die liberale Demokratie reden will, der sollte über den religiösen Fundamentalismus schweigen. (...) ich habe großen Respekt vor ehrlichen liberalen Konservativen wie Houellebecq, Finkielkraut oder Sloterdijk in Deutschland. Man kann von ihnen mehr lernen als von fortschrittlichen Liberalen wie Habermas: Ehrliche Konservative scheuen sich nicht davor, die Blockade einzugestehen, in der wir uns befinden. Houellebecqs "Elementarteilchen" ist für mich das verheerendste Porträt der sexuellen Revolution der Sechzigerjahre. Er beschreibt, wie der permissive Hedonismus in ein obszönes Über-Ich-Universum umschlägt, in dem Lust zur Pflicht wird. Sogar sein Antiislamismus ist verfeinerter, als es erscheinen mag: Es ist ihm klar, dass das wahre Problem nicht die muslimische Bedrohung von außen ist, sondern unsere eigene Dekadenz. Vor langer Zeit hat Nietzsche erkannt, dass die westliche Kultur sich auf den "letzten Menschen" zubewegt, eine apathische Kreatur ohne große Leidenschaft oder Verantwortung. Unfähig zu träumen, des Lebens müde, geht er kein Risiko ein, sucht nur Bequemlichkeit und Sicherheit, einen Ausdruck von gegenseitiger Toleranz: "Ein wenig Gift ab und zu: Das macht angenehme Träume. Und viel Gift zuletzt, zu einem angenehmen Sterben. Man hat sein Lüstchen für den Tag und sein Lüstchen für die Nacht: Aber man ehrt die Gesundheit. ,Wir haben das Glück erfunden', sagen die letzten Menschen und blinzeln."(...)
Auszug aus einem im Standard erschienenen Interview DER STANDARD, 24.1.2015
Syriza und das "Ende des Neoliberalismus"
Greece shows what can happen when the young revolt against corrupt elites
The rise of Syriza can’t just be explained by the crisis in the eurozone: a youthful generation of professionals has had enough of tax-evading oligarchs
At Syriza’s HQ, the cigarette smoke in the cafe swirls into shapes. If those could reflect the images in the minds of the men hunched over their black coffees, they would probably be the faces of Che Guevara, or Aris Velouchiotis, the second world war Greek resistance fighter. These are veteran leftists who expected to end their days as professors of such esoteric subjects as development economics, human rights law and who killed who in the civil war. Instead, they are on the brink of power.
Black coffee and hard pretzels are all the cafe provides, together with the possibility of contracting lung cancer. But on the eve of the vote, I found its occupants confident, if bemused.
However, Syriza HQ is not the place to learn about radicalisation. The fact that a party with a “central committee” even got close to power has nothing to do with a sudden swing to Marxism in the Greek psyche. It is, instead, testimony to three things: the strategic crisis of the eurozone, the determination of the Greek elite to cling to systemic corruption, and a new way of thinking among the young.
Of these, the eurozone’s crisis is easiest to understand – because its consequences can be read so easily in the macroeconomic figures. The IMF predicted Greece would grow as the result of its aid package in 2010. Instead, the economy has shrunk by 25%. Wages are down by the same amount. Youth unemployment stands at 60% – and that is among those who are still in the country.
So the economic collapse – about which all Greeks, both right and leftwing, are bitter – is not just seen as a material collapse. It demonstrated complete myopia among the European policy elite. In all of drama and comedy there is no figure more laughable as a rich man who does not know what he is doing. For the past four years the troika – the European Commission, IMF and European Central Bank – has provided Greeks with just such a spectacle.
As for the Greek oligarchs, their misrule long predates the crisis. These are not only the famous shipping magnates, whose industry pays no tax, but the bosses of energy and construction groups and football clubs. As one eminent Greek economist told me last week: “These guys have avoided paying tax through the Metaxas dictatorship, the Nazi occupation, a civil war and a military junta.” They had no intention of paying taxes as the troika began demanding Greece balance the books after 2010, which is why the burden fell on those Greeks trapped in the PAYE system – a workforce of 3.5 million that fell during the crisis to just 2.5 million.
The oligarchs allowed the Greek state to become a battleground of conflicting interests. As Yiannis Palaiologos, a Greek journalist, put it in his recent book on the crisis, there is “a pervasive irresponsibility, a sense that no one is in charge, no one is willing or able to act as a custodian of the common good”.
But their most corrosive impact is on the layers of society beneath them. “There goes X,” Greeks say to each other as the rich walk to their tables in trendy bars. “He is controlling Y in parliament and having an affair with Z.” It’s like a soap opera, but for real, and too many Greeks are deferentially mesmerised by it.
Over three general elections Syriza’s achievement has been to politicise the issue of the oligarchy. The Greek word for them is “the entangled” – and they were, above all, entangled in the centrist political duopoly. Because Syriza owes them nothing, its leader, Alexis Tsipras, was able to give the issue of corruption and tax evasion both rhetorical barrels – and this resonated massively among the young.
And here’s why. In a functional market economy, the classic couple in a posh restaurant are young and close in age. In my travels through the eurocrisis – from Dublin to Athens – I have noticed that the classic couple in a dysfunctional economy is a grey-haired man with a twentysomething woman. It becomes a story of old men with oligarchic power flaunting their wealth and influence without opprobrium.
The youth are usurped when oligarchy, corruption and elite politics stifle meritocracy. The sudden emergence of small centrist parties led by charismatic young professionals in Greece is testimony that this generation has had enough. But by the time they got their act together, Tsipras was already there.
From outside, Greece looks like a giant negative: but what lies beneath the rise of the radical left is the emergence of positive new values – among a layer of young people much wider than Syriza’s natural support base. These are the classic values of the networked generation: self-reliance, creativity, the willingness to treat life as a social experiment, a global outlook.
When Golden Dawn emerged as a frightening, violent neo-Nazi force, with – at one point – 14% support, what struck the networked youth was how many of the political elite pandered to it. People who had read its history could see a replay of late Weimar flickering before their eyes: delusional Nazis feted by big businessmen craving for order.
I’ve reported the Greek crisis since it began, and what changed in 2015 was this: Syriza had already won the solid support of about 25% of voters on the issues of Europe and economics. But now a further portion of the Greek electorate, above all the young, are signalling they’ve had enough of corruption and elites.
Greece, though an outlier, has always been a signifier, too: this is what happens when modern capitalism fails. For there are inept bureaucrats and corrupt elites everywhere: only the trillions of dollars created and pumped into their nations’ economies to avoid collapse shields them from the scrutiny they have received in Greece.
We face two years of electoral uncertainty in Europe, with the far left or the hard right now vying for power in Spain, France and the Netherlands. Some are proclaiming this “the end of neoliberalism”.
I’m not sure of that. All that’s certain is that Greece shows how it could end.
Paul Mason: The Guardian, Sunday 25 January 2015

